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Preface ix Part 1 Analysis 1 1 The Framework for Understanding 3 Process and knowledge 3 The initial suggestion 4 Carrying out the evaluation 4 Physical and social context 5 The basis of analysis 6 Knowledge needed for choice 7 Summary 8 2 Building Purpose and Performance 9 Activities, space and construction 9 Introduction to performance requirements 9 Environmental impact and sustainability 17 Summary 17 3 Common Forms - Specific Solutions 18 General and constructed forms 18 The emergence of general building forms 18 Uncertainty and risk 22 Summary 23 4 Construction Variables 24 The variables of construction - the outcome of choice 24 Choosing materials 25 Choosing shape 27 Choosing size 27 Spatial relationships 32 Joints and fixings 32 Summary 35 5 Defining Conditions 37 Physical and social conditions 37 Activity and construction-modifying environments 38 The dynamics of the system 38 Choice of interior elements of the building 42 Inside the construction itself 42 Summary 43 6 The Resource Base 44 Introduction 44 Materials - the primary resource 44 Knowledge and skill - the human resource 45 Production equipment - the technological resource 46 Money - the enabling resource 47 Summary 48 7 Design Concept 49 Linking design to construction choice -flows and transfers 49 Concept design - broad options 50 Physical performance and appearance -commodity, firmness and delight 50 Function of the whole, function of the parts 51 Summary 52 8 Appearance 53 Visualising attributes and response 53 Space and context 53 Physical space for the construction 55 The approach to analysis 56 Summary 56 9 Analysis of Physical Behaviour 57 Visualising conditions and response 57 Function and performance - a technical aim 57 Preventing failure - a technical objective 57 The role of observation and science in the analysis 58 The approach to analysis 59 Summary 59 10 Physical Behaviour Creating Environments 60 Aspects of environment 60 The building as a system 60 The dry environment 65 The warm environment 72 The light environment 78 The acoustic environment 82 The clean environment 86 The safe environment 88 The private environment 96 Summary 97 11 Physical Behaviour Under Load 98 Forces, external and internal 98 Basic structural members 100 Curving (and folding) structural members 104 Structural connections 105 Grid members - pin-jointed frames 107 Building structures - wind stability 108 Stress-strain and the choice of material 110 Structural analysis and design 111 Movements and structural behaviour 112 Stresses in the ground 112 The major structural forms 114 Summary 117 12 Physical Behaviour Over Time 119 Reliability: renewal, maintenance, repair and disposal 119 Basis of analysis 120 Soiling and cleaning 120 Durability of materials 121 Movements in components 124 Ground movement, settlement and subsidence 127 Movement and detailing 128 Wear of components 129 Summary 129 13 Manufacture and Assembly 130 Realisation of performance 130 Visualising stages and sequence 130 Analysis of operations, methods and resources 133 Materials and labour 135 Production equipment 136 Production options 141 Knowledge and expertise for the analysis of the process 148 Summary 149 14 Cost 150 Cost and value 150 Cost and price 151 Cost and time frames 151 Cost and cost data 152 Summary 154 15 Sustainability - Social Concern 155 Two major forces 155 Sustainability 156 Established influences and new concerns 156 Responding to the sustainability agenda 158 Buildings as systems 161 Renewable energy sources 168 Water and waste 170 Materials choice and detailing 172 Planning and design concepts 173 Emerging technologies 173 Summary 174 Part 2 Choice - House Construction 177 16 Applying the Framework to Housing 179 The need for an integrated approach 179 The basis of the case study 180 Summary 182 17 Floors 183 Upper floors 183 General forms for upper floors 183 Timber-joisted upper floors 184 Ground floors 191 Suspended ground floors 192 Ground-supported slab floors 195 Services and other elements 197 Site influences on choice of ground floors 197 Production operations for ground floors 198 The final choice 199 Summary 199 18 Roofs 201 Pitch and span 201 Other functions 201 Pitched roofs 202 Flat roofs 218 Summary 219 19 Walls 221 Wall types by function 221 General forms 221 Walls in the case study 224 Masonry cavity external walls 224 Openings in the external wall 233 Doors and windows - the components in the openings 236 The panel frame option 238 Party (separating) walls 241 Partition walls 242 Summary 243 20 Foundations 244 Basic function 244 Site investigation 246 Foundation design 247 The strip foundation 247 Foundations for poor surface conditions 250 Economics of foundations 254 Basements 254 Summary 254 21 Services 256 Introduction 256 Analysis of services systems 257 Hot and cold water 257 Heating systems 263 Drainage 267 Electrical systems 273 Summary 279 Part 3 Choice - Commercial Construction 281 22 Applying the Framework to Commercial Buildings 283 The story so far 283 The way forward 285 The technological mix 287 Summary 289 23 Common Forms and Emerging Technologies 290 Introduction 290 UK commercial building through the twentieth century 291 Summary 298 24 Interface Design 299 Introduction 299 The enclosure-services interface 300 The enclosure-structure interface 302 The structure-services interface 305 Summary 306 25 Structural Skeletal Frames 307 Materials development and structural options 307 Reinforced concrete - performance 315 In situ reinforced concrete frames -production 317 Precast concrete frames - production 329 Structural steel - performance 330 Structural steel - fabrication and construction 333 Structure choice and overall design 337 Summary 338 26 Roof Structures 340 Introduction 340 Variety of structural form 341 Broad options 342 Construction details 348 Summary 352 27 Loadbearing Structural Walls 353 Broad options 353 Multi-storey construction 354 Single-storey industrial construction 359 Summary 363 28 Structure Below Ground 364 Introduction 364 Foundation design 364 Foundation types 366 Soil improvement 372 Basements 373 Large area industrial concrete ground floors 380 Summary 384 29 External Enclosure to Structural Frames 385 Introduction 385 External walls 385 Cavity brickwork 390 Cladding panels 392 Curtain walling 396 Facing materials 397 Lightweight cladding 403 Structural glazing 404 Roof construction 406 Summary 411 30 Internal Enclosure 412 Performance 412 Applied finishes 413 Component systems 414 Summary 421 31 Services - Scope and Space 422 Introduction 422 Scope 422 Space 424 Environmental services 424 Public health services 429 Power supply 432 Security 433 Operational services 435 The need for coordination 436 Production sequence and contract time 437 Cost of services systems 438 Summary 438 32 Guide to Further Reading 440 What this book provides 440 Sources of information - authority, validity and relevance 440 Finding information 443 Using information - corroboration, confirmation and risk 444 Summary 444 Index 445

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